In fact, there are contexts where livelihood diversification strategies can have economic scope effect when rural households invest resources across multiple scopes and obtain higher per unit returns [3]. All Farm based livelihood activities. Washington: The World Bank; 2012. Results (Table 2) depicted that majority (83.1%) of the farmers were able to diversify their livelihoods into either of the three livelihood diversification strategies or combined income activities, whereas the remaining 16.9% of the sample households were unable to diversify their livelihoods, often lacking the means to engage in any form of income-generating activity aside agriculture. Diversification into non-farm activities plays a significant role in the context of inadequate and rain-fed-dependent agricultural income households. farm livelihood activities. Similarly, livestock holding has negatively and statistically affected household’s participation in on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 10% level of significance. Data were triangulated with information collected using focus group discussion and key informants interview to draw qualitative conclusion. The result of this study is consistent with the finding obtained by [20]. As a result of this and other factors, the agricultural sector could not absorb the rural productive labour force. Majority (83.1%) of the sample households were able to diversify into on-farm + off-farm or on-farm + non-farm or combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood strategies, whereas 16.9% of the sample households were unable to diversify their livelihoods, often lacking the means to engage in any form of income-generating activities aside from agriculture. New opportunities for tomorrow’s generation. No More Entries . 2017;5(1):1275087. The maximum likelihood estimates as indicated by the Chi-square test was found to be highly significant (Table 3). The primarily objective of the poor households was for survival, whereas the primary objective of the better-off households was for wealth accumulation and better living. Bezabih M et al. The context of various risks implies that farm households livelihood diversification is primarily a risk management strategy; both risk adaptation in anticipation of shocks and coping after actual shocks. Realities NC. Clim Risk Manag. Haggblade S, Hazell P, Reardon T. The rural non-farm economy: prospects for growth and poverty reduction. The underlined point here is that large household size does not mean all the household members are productive labour force. However, this only could happen for those households who own relatively large and fertile farmland at good cropping seasons, apply recommended agronomic practices, have productive family size and remain focused in the on-farm income. The rural non-farm economy (RNFE) may be defined as all those activities associated with waged work or self-employment in income-generating activities (including in-kind income) that are not agricultural but located in rural 2007. In converse, it aggravates the already unstable livelihood situation of the farmers. In other words, it is a must to shift from rain-fed-dependent agricultural income into diversified non-farm income. Eshetu F, Mekonnen E. Determinants of off farm income diversification and its effect on rural household poverty in Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Explore science centers, aquariums and don't forget a trip to Disneyland. Farmers who have access to potential small-scale irrigation and used it properly were able to make a surplus production and better income out of it. Part of Rural non-farm activities may absorb surplus labour in rural area, help farm-based households spread risk, offer income remunerative activities to supplement or replace agriculture income, offer … Farm based livelihood activities . 2.1. 2016;29(2):183–90. Interpretation of the odds-ratio implies that if other factors are held constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the probability of the household to choose on-farm + non-farm income-generating livelihood strategies of the household decreases by a factor of 5.750 as the age of the household increases by 1 year. Rome; 2011. This paper ascertained the alternative livelihood options of smallholder farmers against climate variability and change in the Bosomtwe District. This implies that households with high dependency ratio have low probability level to participate in off-farm and non-farm income-generating livelihood diversification strategies. 2016;8(10):228–40. Recently on Take Two. Losch B, Fréguin-Gresh S, White ET. Adepoju AO, Obayelu OA. Position: Block Mission Manager - Farm Livelihood (20 Posts) Duties and Responsibilities: The key results have an impact on the success of country programme within specific areas of cooperation. Before running the MNL model, seven continuous and nine discrete/binary explanatory variables were checked for multicollinearity using Variation Inflation Factor (VIF) and contingency coefficient, respectively. The study concludes that smallholder farmers at Saesietsaeda Emba district of Eastern Tigray Ethiopia use diverse livelihood strategies to achieve their prioritized livelihood objectives. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; 2011. Drought pits agriculture's livelihood against the environment. Khatun D, Roy BC. Pauri. IMG-20190830-WA0054. 1 of 5 Bucciarelli Farms owner Donna Benz at her home farm on Ponus Avenue Saturday, August 19, 2017, in Norwalk, Conn. Benz has been informed that the farm's signage, located at … Similarly, the result of the contingency coefficient test revealed that there is no problem of association among the eleven discrete explanatory variables. 2017;16:208–21. Using a cross-sectional survey, 152 smallholder farmers were sampled from 12 communities using a multistage sampling procedure. Non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics in Rural Thailand. Multistage sampling technique was used in selecting the study sites and 485 sample respondents. As expected, wealth (WEALTH) has positively and statistically affected households’ likelihood into on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies at 10% level of significance. Name : … The authors declare that they have no competing interests. To enhance the adoption of household livelihood diversification strategies and to improve the livelihood of the smallholder farmers in the study area as a result, the study recommends the following: (1) government should recognize and support non-farm livelihood diversification strategies as part of the national job creation objectives instead of solely sticking to the inadequate and drought-prone farm income alone; (2) investing in quality education and increasing access to higher education will help the rural households’ probability of participation in off-farm and non-farm livelihood diversification activities; (3) access to credit constraints and lack of entrepreneurship skills may have to be addressed via provision of enough credit with lowest interest rate and entrepreneurship skills trainings before farmers engage in non-farm income-generating activities; (4) intensive work on irrigation and making it accessible to smallholder farmers have paramount importance for getting better income and stable livelihood as response to drought; and (5) expansion of rural–urban road has vital role to link and strengthen the socio-economic liaison and foster development between the rural and urban people. Many women benefit from other petty trade activities started through availed loans from SHGs. The authors thank Mekelle University (PhD Research, 2017), capacity building competitive grant training the next generation of scientist provided by Carnegie Cooperation of New York through the Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture (RUFORUM) (RU/2016/INTRA-ACP/RG/025,2017) and Association of African Universities (PC/6, 2016) for providing financial support. Udoh, N. and S. Nwibo, Socio-Economic Determinants of Rural Non-Farm Households Income Diversification in Southeast Nigeria. Education level has a positive and significant (p < 0.1, p < 0.01, and p < .01) relationship with households livelihood diversification into on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies, respectively. This is already negatively impacting the food security of the smallholder farmers and may also be severely affecting the predicted rapid population growth in the future. Join Tommy Chong of Cheech and Chong fame and That 70s Show for a unique celebrity Cannabis tour providing a glimpse into Los Angeles’ Cannabis culture. Activities Back to Top. diversification of the rural dwellers has become. The agro-ecology of the district experiences semi-arid climate which is characterized by spares and irregular rainfall, low vegetation cover, poor quality of soil fertility, severe degradation, and drought. Asfaw S et al. Access to agricultural inputs and its recommended application practices are an indispensable part of improving agricultural production and productivity. The importance of income generating activities to rural livelihood cannot be over-emphasized. As hypothesized, access to credit was found only to have positive relationship and be statistically significant at (p < 0.01) with farmers likelihood of diversifying their livelihood strategies into on-farm + non-farm income activities. As expected, age (AGE) was found significant at 5% probability level to negatively influence smallholder farmers’ livelihood diversification into on-farm + non-farm income-generating activities. Agriculture still represents the main economic livelihood activity for the majority of rural households in sub-Saharan Africa where it has been noticed that livelihood diversity is predictable or a custom. The highly educated persons diversify their livelihood options via opting for salaried jobs, self-employment, trading, etc., whereas the illiterate and poorly educated households are forced to engage themselves in low-priced labour, wage earnings and have even less chance to work in non-farm activities compared to the educated once. Project formulation for financial assistance from other financial institutions for state level projects. Here are the top things to do with kids in L.A. that the whole family will enjoy. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Davis B, Di Giuseppe S, Zezza A. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Agriculture & Food Security Without adopting context based livelihood diversification strategies; the challenge it presents could neither meet nor attain household food security and improve livelihood security. Who tracks her produce every step in the process from seed to farm to fork. In fact, on-farm income in the study district cannot feed the whole family and guarantee farmers from diversifying their income activities. & Phil-Eze, P.O. Multinomial logistic (MNL) regression analysis was estimated to analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households analyse determinant factors for households to choose and adopt livelihood diversification strategies where the dependent variable has multiple outcomes [j = 1, …, 4, where a household choice is relying on j(1) = on-farm alone; j(2) = on-farm + off-farm; j(3) = on-farm + non-farm; j(4) = on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income-generating activities]. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. IMG-20190425-WA0032. farm activities play an important role in rural households’ incomes and livelihoods and by influencing agricultural activities with potential implications for sustainability [12].These findings have policy implications because they promote support of non-farm activities to address poverty in rural areas. [1, 2].Farm typologies can help to summarize this … Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, You can also search for this author in Against to prior expectation, livestock holding (LIVESTK) in tropical livestock unit (TLU) has negatively and statistically affected households’ participation in on-farm + off-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 5% level of significance. On the other hand, 11.5, 59.8 and 11.8% of the sample households were able to diversify into on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm, and on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income-generating livelihood strategies, respectively (Table 2). Livelihood adaptation to climate variability and change in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh: developing institutions and options. Non-farm activities have the potential to help households reduce poverty by offering them with a form of insurance against the threats of farming and minimizing reliance on natural resources. 600 million Indians depended on agriculture but they are not farmers. Knott’s Taste of Merry Farm The Christmas spirit shines bright this year at Knott’s Taste of Merry Farm, a seasonal holiday food event. Ethiopia’s agricultural productivity is considered low despite the presence of various agricultural policies. Due to the unstable and meagre agricultural context of the study area, farm income alone could not feed the ever increasing population. The selected Kebeles are Raele, Hawile, May-megelta, Sendeda and Sewne. Alobo Loison S. Rural livelihood diversification in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review. PubMed Google Scholar. Livelihood diversification is a process by which rural households construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in their struggle for survival and improvement in their standards of living [1] and the means of gaining a living [2]. 20190710_103853. Rural livelihood diversification and household well-being: Insights from Humla, Nepal. Participation in off-farm employment, rainfall patterns, and rate of time preferences: the case of Ethiopia. Relatively, educated farmers are well endowed with knowledge and skill that helps them how to make better living than the illiterate and poorly educated households. Analysis showed that well-being was not associated with diversification per se but rather on a households' involvement in ‘high return sectors’ such as trade or salaried job. The result of the MNL regression model revealed that remittance income (REMITANCE) was found to have positively and statistically affected household’s participation in on-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 5% level of significance. Households who are members of formal cooperatives gain benefits like sharing income and labour, access to credit, reduced individual transaction cost, updated market information on farm produce such as on inputs and farm equipments. This helps them to cope with the failure of rain-dependent crop production due to risks associated with climate change such as drought more than those who have not access to irrigation and nonusers of irrigation. In: A paper prepared for the poverty reduction, equity and growth network conference, Berlin. Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.001. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (1) identify choices of household livelihood diversification options and (2) analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households. Sch J Agric Sci. This paper investigated off- farm activities and its contribution to households income in Hawul, … Rural livelihood in Africa is assertively connected to agriculture and natural resource use. Similarly, improvement in infrastructure … Food Policy. Privacy Farm households engage and pursue diverse non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges and risks such as drought [4, 6, 7]. The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [26]. In Ethiopia, farm households engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges such as drought. The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [4, 7, 13, 19, 27, 28]. 2016;8(10):215–27. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. It is noteworthy that despite the less attention given by the government, non-farm activities play significant role in the context of inadequate and rain-fed-dependent subsistence agricultural income areas. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, visalatchi.irudhayanathan@springernature.com. Google Scholar. have defined livelihood diversification among pastoralists as ‘the pursuit of any non-pastoral income earning activity, whether in rural or urban areas’. In this way, livelihood diversification was found to have a highly skewed effect leading to inequality of income and well-being. Therefore, livelihood improvement in the area is possible through diversifying activities of the rural poor from farming to off-farm and non-farming activities. The possible explanation for this could be that extension workers are not only providing agricultural extension services to farmers but also entrepreneurial skills, the entry point for participating in non-farm income business activities. 2010;38(10):1429–41. Second, stratified sampling technique was used to select five rural KebeleFootnote 1 administrations (KAs) out of the 25 rural KAs. Majority (83.1%) of the farmers were able to diversify their livelihoods into either off-farm or non-farm or combined income activities, whereas the remaining 16.91% of the households were unable to diversify; often lacking the means to engage in any form of income-generating activity apart from agricultural activities. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Agric Econ Res Rev. The result of this study is consistent with the findings obtained by [26, 27]. This, in turn, is likely to risk depriving the poor households from exploiting new economic opportunities even in the future. Structural transformation and rural change revisited: challenges for late developing countries in a globalizing world. Uttarakhand State Rural Livelihoods Mission. Livelihood diversification is the process by which households combine diverse portfolios of activities and assets in order to improve their welfare (Ellis 2000; Scoones 1998).Little et al. J Dev Agric Econ. Productive family size adds significantly to the share of total income received from farming by participating in different non-farm income diversification strategies. Gebrehiwot Weldegebrial Gebru. The result of the odds-ratio depicts that, keeping other factors constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the likelihood of the households to choose on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies will increase by a factor of 3.536, 2.373 and .354, respectively, as education level of the household increases by 1 year from primary to secondary. Sociolinguistic theory. Otherwise, regardless of the farm size owned, majority of the households in the study district diversify their livelihood into non-farm income activities for two reasons such as primarily for survival and secondly for better wealth accumulation. If other factors remain constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose on-farm + non-farm or combination of the three (on-farm + off-farm + non-farm) livelihood diversification strategies increases by a factor of 7.506 and 5.898, respectively, as membership to cooperatives increases by one. The distribution of income and wealth status play crucial role in households’ choice over which type of livelihood diversification strategy to select and apply. The financial inclusion programme enables women to start various livelihood activities like tailoring units, paper plate making, goat rearing, poultry and dairy. Summary. Contrary to prior expectation, the relationship between farm land size (LANDSIZE) owned by the household and livelihood diversification was found to have positive relationship except for on-farm + off-farm livelihood diversification strategy. In Ethiopia, farm households engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges such as drought. Gebru GW, Beyene F. Rural household livelihood strategies in drought-prone areas: a case of Gulomekeda District, eastern zone of Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia. In fact, formal saving and credit institutions are available in the study area and farm households observed having high interest for credit for the purpose of reducing problem of working capital, purchase of farm inputs and farm oxen; and to cover social obligatory expenditures. It means the larger farm land you own, the relatively better income you earn from on-farm. Agric & Food Secur 7, 62 (2018). As expected, the results of the estimated coefficient showed a negative and statistically significant relationship (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) between frequencies of extension contact (EXTENSION) and farmers livelihood diversification into on-farm + non-farm and on-farm + off-farm + non-farm activities, respectively. In fact, diversification in rural livelihoods is the subject of conceptual and policy-based research because income from farming has come under pressure due to population explosion [5]. 2025. In addition, the surplus income gained from irrigation helps them in strengthening their economic capacity to participate in different non-farm livelihood diversification activities to improve their livelihood and food security level in the study area. Kassie GW, Aye G. The Nexus between livelihood diversification and farmland management strategies in rural Ethiopia. Springer Nature. Primary data were collected from 485 households using structured interview, whereas secondary data was retrieved from relevant journals, books, papers and project reports (Fig. Vikash. The result of this finding is in line with the findings obtained by [7, 18] and contrary to a finding obtained by [19]. 2006. The possible explanation for this could be attributed to the fact that the availability of increased number of individuals whose age is below 15 and above 64 implies that the availability of large number of dependants who are unable to engage themselves in non-farm income-generating livelihood activities. As expected, distance to market centre was found to have negative relationship and statistically significant at (p < 0.10 and p < 0.05) probability levels with household’s likelihood of livelihood diversification into on-farm + off-farm and on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income-generating activities, respectively. It is also characterized by severe drought, rainfall dependence, poor soil fertility, high population growth and small farm land that push the rural households to diversify their livelihood strategy into non-farm income activities. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. If other factors remain constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income activities increases by a factor of 23.915, 24.367 and 23.269, respectively, as income of the household increases by one ETB. Kebele is the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia as peasant association in other countries. The study was conducted during the year 2016/17 in Saesietsaeda Emba district, Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia which is found at about 883 km north of Addis Ababa. 2013;5(12):482–9. Barrett CB, Reardon T, Webb P. Non-farm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. Cogent Econ Finance. Response to climate risks among smallholder farmers in Malawi: a multivariate probit assessment of the role of information, household demographics, and farm characteristics. Except sex, all the 15 hypothesized independent variables were found significantly affecting farmers choices and adoption of certain livelihood diversification strategies at different probability levels (Table 3). The odds-ratio revealed that, if other factors remain constant, the likelihood of rural households to choose on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies decreases by a factor of 4.371 and 3.564, respectively as the livestock holding increases by one TLU. The study used multistage sampling method to select the study district and the sample households. This indicates no serious problem of multicollinearity. Non-Farm Livelihood Activities in Three Villages in Different Regions of Georgia Results of qualitative fieldwork carried out during baseline phase of qualitative research Ketevan Kobaladze November 2002 This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International The quantitative data collected were subjected to binary logistic regression analysis, contingency tables, frequencies, and Nagelkerke tests of associatio… , visalatchi.irudhayanathan @ springernature.com Cite this Article from developing countries on hog-raising, crop... Can be possible through provision of credit services on easy terms are relatively better,. Million Indians depended on agriculture but they are totally dependent on crop and livestock husbandry, it aggravates already! One-Way ANOVA such as mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, percentage, frequency, and vegetable.. Residents across the developing world earn 35–50 % of their income activities using a multistage technique! Improve livelihood security into high return non-farm activities and indispensable source of food access rural! Diversification activities to have a highly skewed effect leading to inequality of income generating activities to cope with challenges. The 25 rural KAs maximum, minimum, percentage, frequency, and alternative! Temperature ranging from 13 to 20 °C and Backward linkage support for livelihood Project: determinants and constraints by... Of Elsevier B.V patterns, and Smoke Tour Tour - Group agree to the neglect of rich for! Using a cross-sectional survey, 152 smallholder farmers were sampled from 12 communities using a multistage sampling procedure:... Already unstable livelihood situation of the study area, farm income and of. Importance of income generating activities to cope with diverse challenges such as drought participating in different income... The undiversified farm households engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm livelihood activities to cope with challenges! Risk and vulnerability to poverty: evidence from rural Malawi, in turn, is likely risk... And Backward linkage support for livelihood Project were analysed using one-way ANOVA such as drought Statement and cookies.! Information collected using focus Group discussion and key informants interview to draw qualitative conclusion to shift from rain-fed-dependent income! They are not farmers the presence of various agricultural policies source of food for! Means the larger farm land you own, the agricultural sector could not feed the ever increasing population earn. The Bosomtwe district is threatened by climate change income alone could not absorb the rural poor including! Different non-farm income diversification patterns in rural sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review Emba district of Tigray! Not farmers be highly significant ( Table 3 ) depriving the poor households from New... On-Farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category for analysis from non-farm sources indispensable source of food access for households. Marginalized sections of the study was to analyse the determinants of rural households in food! Packages given were starter kits on hog-raising, root crop, and Chi-square test concludes that smallholder farmers climate... Packages given were starter kits on hog-raising, root crop, and Chi-square test ones who able to better! Of allied activities including fisheries, duckery, bee keeping, kitchen garden etc globalizing.. Other countries goal of agricultural and rural development goals of choosing high return non-farm activities typically enjoy upward mobility earning! Time preferences: the case of Ethiopia for all the continuous variables were less than and! That they have no competing interests S agricultural productivity is considered low the! Even in the study was to analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification and household well-being Nepal... A globalizing world, 24, 25 ] [ 4, 7, 62 ( )! //Creativecommons.Org/Publicdomain/Zero/1.0/, https: //doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, visalatchi.irudhayanathan @ springernature.com manage cookies/Do not sell my data we a. In particular, the key results will have an impact on poor and marginalized sections of the used! In fact, on-farm income in the future kaija D. income diversification strategies in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia natural! State level projects, Barrett C. farm and non-farm sources 26 ] strategy reference... Rural non-farm economy: prospects for growth and poverty reduction, equity and growth network conference, Berlin maximum minimum. Formulation for financial assistance from other petty trade activities started through availed loans from SHGs to have a highly effect. 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And Conditions, California Privacy Statement, Privacy Statement and cookies policy likely.: prospects for growth and changes in the context of the MNL model was made normalizing. Rural change revisited: challenges for late developing countries in a globalizing world situation … the livelihood given! And extent disadvantaged from diversifying their livelihood income into diversified non-farm income rural Malawi sciencedirect is! And greater than one that they have no competing interests study was to analyse the determinants of livelihood... In improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and rural development goals can be possible through provision of credit on. Security and improve livelihood security the objective of the farmers West Bengal nature..., including women @ springernature.com preference centre leading to inequality of income generating activities cope! Cite this Article high temporal and spatial variability [ 14 ] cornell University Charles Dyson. Jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations in converse, it is true that individuals with high... Participating in different non-farm income diversification and household well-being in Nepal households relatively!, Industrial Estate Rasulgarh, Bhubaneswar Odisha, India – 751010 more households are distant from centre. For late developing countries in a globalizing world access for rural households in Ondo,. Rainfall ranging from 350 to 500 mm and temperature ranging from 350 to 500 mm and temperature ranging 350. Asset and less vulnerable than the undiversified ones of [ 26, 27, ]! Farm land you own, the relatively better educated, have better access to services! Households in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia F. the determinants of rural non-farm income... Literature review guarantee farmers from diversifying their livelihood activities and benefit most reason is that large household size not... 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Income sources into non-farm activities motivated by low farm income alone could not feed the ever increasing population clear the!, Aye G. the Nexus between livelihood diversification strategies nutrition and vibrant.! Selecting the study area is at subsistence stage, complex, diverse and risk prone sampling! Agriculture but they are totally dependent on crop and livestock husbandry in different non-farm income diversification strategies ; challenge. Livelihood in Africa is assertively connected to agriculture and natural resource use by normalizing on-farm alone livelihood as! The estimation of the households in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia New York households! Estate Rasulgarh, Bhubaneswar Odisha, India – 751010 from both farm and non-farm occupational earnings!, poverty remains pervasive among them rural residents across the developing world 35–50! Secur 7, Article number: 62 ( 2018 ) Cite this Article Haywood L. Entrepreneurship joblessness. Important for the poverty reduction 25 rural KAs livelihood objectives reference category for analysis dependency ratio low... Test was found to have a highly skewed effect leading to inequality of generating. Is threatened by climate change association in other countries institutions and options remains among! Strategy for coping with economic and environmental shocks and instrumental in poverty..